荒漠植物持水力研究   总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1  

何明珠  王辉  陈智平 《中国沙漠》2006,26(3):403-408

持水力是表征植物耐旱性的一个重要指标。对62种荒漠植物,包括10种乔木、39种灌木和13种草本植物失水过程进行了测定,并对累计失水曲线进行逻辑方程的拟合,拟合方程的决定系数都在0.8以上。按照枝、叶构件所拟合的逻辑方程拐点不同,将荒漠植物分为弱持水型、中等持水型和强持水型。灌木和草本植物的持水能力较乔木植物强。从枝构件的分类结果分析,属于弱持水型、中等持水型和强持水型荒漠植物的植物种类依此为23种、26种及13种,说明多数植物枝条的持水能力不太强。而从叶构件的分类结果分析,依次有2种,19种和41种植物属于上述3种类型,说明大多数荒漠植物的叶片的持水能力较枝条强。  相似文献   

珍稀濒危植物半日花研究进展   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

高天鹏  张勇  晋玲  陈拓  徐世健  安黎哲 《中国沙漠》2006,26(2):312-316

半日花是半日花科的一种半灌木或灌木,稀为一年生或多年生草本孑遗植物。全世界约有8属200种,多分布于地中海沿岸。我国内蒙古、新疆有2种分布,分别是新疆半日花和内蒙半日花。由于自然因素和人类经济活动的影响,特别是采矿、烧柴、放牧、土地开发以及城市化,加剧了对半日花的过度开发, 导致其生物量锐减, 造成个体衰退, 种群缩小的濒危状况,被国家列为二级保护植物。所以加强对珍稀濒危植物半日花的研究和保护具有重要意义。  相似文献   

浑善达克沙地种子植物属的地理成分分析   总被引：9，自引：5，他引：4  

张存厚  刘果厚  赵杏花 《中国沙漠》2006,26(6):1024-1032

运用植物区系地理学的基本原理,通过对浑善达克沙地种子植物属的组成、地理成分统计、排序和分析,结果表明:浑善达克沙地物种的多样性较高,属的分布区类型以温带成分占绝对优势,其中北温带分布型所占的百分比数最高,占本区种子植物区系中非世界属数的37.2%,其次是旧大陆温带分布,反映出该区系的温带性质,体现了浑善达克沙地植物分布与本地区的气候带相适应的结果。本区系具有一定数量的古老成分,地理成分混杂且具有明显的过渡性,同时该区系又具有明显的脆弱性;特有程度较低。  相似文献   

深海多金属硫化物开采作业安全与环境影响分析及对策研究          下载免费PDF全文

杜尊峰  陈香玉  赵羿羽 《海洋开发与管理》2020,37(3):68-74

随着各国对深海多金属硫化物勘探与开发的步伐逐渐加快，为确保并指导承包者在区域内开采多金属硫化物作业安全且符合保护环境规定，首先论述开采深海多金属硫化物的工艺技术，以此为基础结合加拿大鹦鹉螺和美国海王星矿业公司试采多金属硫化物案例，分析其作业过程所涉及的硫矿泄漏、结构失效、机械伤害、火灾爆炸等安全问题和破坏海底动植物群及其栖息地、排放采矿废水尾矿等环境影响，最后就作业安全与环境影响问题分别给出了针对性的对策与建议，可为工程实践提供参考。  相似文献   

Propagating uncertainty from catchment experiments to estimates of streamflow reduction by invasive alien plants in southwestern South Africa     

Glenn R. Moncrieff  Jasper A. Slingsby  David C. Le Maitre 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14161

Long-term catchment experiments from South Africa have demonstrated that afforestation of grasslands and shrublands significantly reduces surface-water runoff. These results have guided the country's forestry policy and the implementation of a national Invasive Alien Plant (IAP) control programme for the past few decades. Unfortunately, woody IAP densities continue to increase, compounding existing threats to water security from population growth and climatic change. Decision makers need defensible estimates of the impacts of afforestation or invasions on runoff to weigh up alternative land use options, or guide investment of limited resources into ecosystem restoration through IAP clearing versus engineering-based water-augmentation schemes. Existing attempts to extrapolate the impacts observed in catchment afforestation experiments to broad-scale IAP impacts give no indication of uncertainty. Globally, the uncertainty inherent in the results from paired-catchment experiments is seldom propagated into subsequent analyses making use of these data. We present a fully reproducible Bayesian model that propagates uncertainty from input data to final estimates of changes in streamflow when extrapolating from catchment experiments to broader landscapes. We apply our model to South Africa's catchment experiment data, estimating streamflow losses to plantations and analogous plant invasions in the catchments of southwestern South Africa, including uncertainty. We estimate that regional streamflow is reduced by 304 million m³ or 4.14% annually as a result of IAPs, with an upper estimate of 408 million m³ (5.54%) and a lower estimate of 267 million m³ (3.63%). Our model quantifies uncertainty associated with all parameters and their contribution to overall uncertainty, helping guide future research needs. Acknowledging and quantifying inherent uncertainty enables more defensible decisions regarding water resource management.  相似文献   

半封闭大棚实验下广州市植被滞尘光谱特征分析     

张晨  周霞  李勇  杨骥  李林 《热带地理》2020,40(2):266-277

基于广州市常见的绿化植物,采用高光谱遥感技术,通过设计半封闭的大棚实验方案,探讨了滞尘污染下不同植物叶片的光谱特征,结果表明：1）滞尘时间是影响绿化植物累积滞尘量的一个重要因子,滞尘量随着时间的增加而增加,但达到饱和之后会呈减少的趋势。2）在可见光波段,受叶面尘影响,叶片光谱反射率升高,且随滞尘量的增加而升高;在近红外波段则相反,光谱反射率随滞尘量的增加而降低。3）叶面尘对植物叶片的光谱特征参数具有直接或间接的影响,其中滞尘量与植物的三边位置无关,与归一化植被指数NDVI呈负相关关系,且不同植物的NDVI受叶面尘影响的程度不同,从大到小依次为：朱蕉>红花檵木>金叶榕。文章设计的半封闭大棚实验方案为植物滞尘效应的长时间可持续性研究提供了新思路。  相似文献   

Do benthic algae provide important information over and above that provided by macrophytes and phytoplankton in lake status assessment? – Results from a case study in Norway     

《Limnologica》2019

To test if phytobenthic algae provide additional important information to macrophytes and phytoplankton for lake monitoring, we sampled two large lakes in Norway. In each lake, we analyzed water chemistry and phytoplankton above the deepest site, recorded macrophytes and non-diatom phytobenthic algae at 20 sites around the shoreline and estimated site-specific nutrient input from land cover. Since no ready-to-use phytobenthos index exists for lakes in Norway, we tested the PIT index developed for rivers, commonly perceived signs of disturbance such as high algal cover, and taxon richness as well as similarity patterns. Both lakes were nutrient poor, but had potential local nutrient inputs (villages, agriculture). In neither of the lakes did phytobenthos indicate a worse overall ecological status than macrophytes and phytoplankton. Our data therefore, did not suggest that it would be useful to add phytobenthos into surveillance monitoring of lakes in Norway. There was a loose correlation between macrophyte and phytobenthic site-specific taxon richness and similarities. This means that macrophytes and phytobenthos do indeed give partly redundant information. High algal cover was found at sites with both high and low phosphorus input. Using algal cover as indicator of site-specific nutrient input is therefore overly simplistic. Urban and cultivated areas were associated with a more eutrophic PIT. This indicates that the PIT, despite being developed for lotic waters, may be used to detect site specific nutrient input in lakes.  相似文献   

Urban stream temperature patterns: Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the Philadelphia region,Pennsylvania, USA     

Sarah Beganskas  Laura Toran 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14039

Stream temperature is a critical water quality parameter that is not fully understood, particularly in urban areas. This study explores drivers contributing to stream temperature variability within an urban system, at 21 sites within the Philadelphia region, Pennsylvania, USA. A comprehensive set of temperature metrics were evaluated, including temperature sensitivity, daily maximum temperatures, time >20°C, and temperature surges during storms. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were the strongest driver of downstream temperature variability along 32 km in Wissahickon Creek. WWTP effluent temperature controlled local (1–3 km downstream) temperatures year-round, but the impacts varied seasonally: during winter, local warming of 2–7°C was consistently observed, while local cooling up to 1°C occurred during summer. Summer cooling and winter warming were detected up to 12 km downstream of a WWTP. Comparing effects from different WWTPs provided guidelines for mitigating their thermal impact; WWTPs that discharged into larger streams, had cooler effluent, or had lower discharge had less effect on stream temperatures. Comparing thermal regimes in four urban headwater streams, sites with more local riparian canopy had cooler maximum temperatures by up to 1.5°C, had lower temperature sensitivity, and spent less time at high temperatures, although mean temperatures were unaffected. Watershed-scale impervious area was associated with increased surge frequency and magnitude at headwater sites, but most storms did not result in a surge and most surges had a low magnitude. These results suggest that maintaining or restoring riparian canopy in urban settings will have a larger impact on stream temperatures than stormwater management that treats impervious area. Mitigation efforts may be most impactful at urban headwater sites, which are particularly vulnerable to stream temperature disruptions. It is vital that stream temperature impacts are considered when planning stormwater management or stream restoration projects, and the appropriate metrics need to be considered when assessing impacts.  相似文献   

抚仙湖沉积物多指标记录的过去5000年湖泊环境变化     

杨春和  杨欢  郑平波  段立曾  张晓楠  张虎才  沈才明  孙惠玲 《湖泊科学》2022,34(4):1359-1371

我国西南地区湖泊众多,利用湖泊沉积物已开展了大量全新世植被、降水、温度和水位等的重建工作.然而,代用指标的季节性差异和气候演变的区域差异使得不同代用指标和地区重建的古气候结果存在较大差异,需要更多可靠记录来相互佐证和构建我国西南地区气候变化的详细图景.本文以云南抚仙湖FXH-6钻孔沉积物为研究对象,对正构烷烃和色度指标作了分析,在厘清其来源及环境指示意义的基础上,重建过去近5000年抚仙湖有机质的来源和湖泊水位的变化,探讨了湖泊环境变化与区域气候变化的关系.结果表明,抚仙湖沉积物中正构烷烃n-C₂₃和n-C₃₁可有效指示内源沉水植物和外源陆生植物.近5000年抚仙湖湖泊环境经历了3个阶段:在5000—2300 cal a BP阶段,沉水植物广泛分布,湖泊水位处于高位;在2300—2000 cal a BP阶段,抚仙湖沉积环境快速变化,内源沉水植物生物量锐减,水位快速下降;2000 cal a BP至今,沉水植物生物量持续减少,湖泊水位保持低水位;同时,人类活动也影响了该阶段(2000 cal a BP至今)陆源植物的输入.本研究重建的抚仙湖持续降低的水位变化和湖泊生产力趋势与过去5000年西南地区的年平均温逐渐降低、年平均降水量逐渐减小的总体趋势相对应,表明区域气候变化是湖泊沉积环境变化的主要驱动力.  相似文献   

聚煤期植物作用下的煤系旋回沉积     

石彦强 《地质论评》2023,69(1):2023010007-2023010007

煤系特征的还原色和突发性、阶段性间断—充填相间的非渐变旋回沉积,明显不同于其他沉积地层。为探究其成因,引用“将今论古”原理,一方面,调查现代植物的生存潜力,植物对地表碎屑的稳固作用,以及植物涵养水源、调节气候等宏观环境效应;另一方面,通过古生物、地层、煤系、煤层、煤质等研究成果,分析地质历史时期植物的发生、发展、繁盛、衰落的演替历程,以及各聚煤期的形成演化。运用比较沉积学方法将二者分阶段不同功能进行类比,经过一系列证据链推演,推导出聚煤期是植物演替更新后发展到鼎盛阶段的产物,当时的植物异常繁盛,具有强劲的拓殖能力和群体效应。各聚煤期植物规模化发展,已经从脆弱的遭受河流、海浪、潮汐等流体的冲刷、改造的被动阶段,回归到主动限制河流的侧蚀、迁移、汇聚,以及压制海浪、潮流的高度,是由个体生存发展为群体效应的过程,是从现代脆弱的植物生态反演到聚煤期强劲的控盆植被系统的依律回溯过程,是植物功能潜力的充分展现,是质的飞跃。聚煤期植被主导下,陆源碎屑库的累积和崩溃,控制盆地碎屑萎缩与扩张、煤系突发间断性沉积,致使煤层向盆缘分岔变薄以致尖灭、煤层中断续沉积角砾岩、同生多阶性带状砂体、陆表海多重障壁体系、约代尔旋回等特殊沉积。聚煤期植物作用的研究,填补了煤地质学空白,能够对煤地质勘查与研究中出现的一些异常现象给予合理的解释。  相似文献